OG90
Course Contents
Module 1: Waterflooding Management in Reservoir
Key Topics
Session 1: Waterflood Data Management: Data Acquisition, Analysis and Integration
- Reservoir rock properties
- Reservoir fluids properties
- Factors affecting waterflooding
Session 2: Screening for Waterflooding
- Drive mechanisms
- Reserves estimate and remaining reserves
- Reasons for waterflooding and history
- Secondary recovery and pressure maintenance concepts
- Reservoir engineering aspects and screening for waterflooding
- Water injection systems: water source (produced water, aquifers, and seawater), nature and composition of waters and seawater, matching reservoir requirements, water compatibilities, and scale
- Water injection systems: basic water treatment and basic seawater treatment (filtration and deaeration)
Session 3: Design Aspects of the Water Injection System
- Reservoir-geology considerations in the design and operation of waterfloods
- Immiscible displacement theory
- Immiscible displacement in two dimensions (areal)
- Vertical displacement in linear and areal models
- Fractional flow and performance measures
- Waterflood performance efficiencies
- Microscopic efficiency of immiscible displacement
- Macroscopic displacement efficiency of a linear waterflood
- Waterflood design: heterogeneity, flood pattern, and recovery efficiency
- Candidates, patterns, and factors affecting pattern selection and well spacing
- Factors influencing waterflood recovery
- Waterflood production performance and reservoir forecasting
- Waterflood monitoring
- Waterflood field case studies: examples, practices, and problems
Session 4: Waterflooding Quality & Monitoring: What Next?
- Water quality and monitoring
- Corrosion problems: reasons and solutions
- Field operation, water systems, compatibility, and treatment
- Various EOR processes and their recovery expectations, optimum time
- Introduction to chemical enhanced oil recovery techniques
- Polymer flooding and surfactant flooding
Session 5: EOR Application as an Extension to Waterflooding
- Alkaline flooding
- Hot water flooding and steam injection
- Waterflood project optimisation and economic evaluation
- Field examples and case histories
Module 2: Advanced Reservoir Waterflooding Management
Key Topics
Session 6: Waterflood Overview and Reservoir Property Effects
- Waterflood overview: defining waterflooding, describing how it works, and explaining why it is applied to some reservoirs
- Explaining the differences between patterns and describing other ways of typing waterfloods
- Describing how to measure the success of a waterflood
- Main surveillance and data sources quality checks
- Waterflood reservoir property effects: petroleum resources classification
- The effects of rock and fluid properties on waterflood performance
- The effects of relative permeability, wettability, and capillary pressure on waterflood performance
- The effects of pattern size and shape on waterflood performance
- Reservoir fluids properties and factors affecting waterflooding
Session 7: Waterflood Reservoir Heterogeneity Effects and Forecasting Overview
- Waterflood reservoir heterogeneity effects and reservoir geology importance
- Shale continuity criticality to predicting waterflood performance
- Dipping reservoir behavior under waterflooding
- Reservoir anisotropy control for waterflood performance
- Reservoir continuity impact on predicting waterflood performance
- Natural and hydraulic fractures effect on waterflood performance
- Reservoir heterogeneity measurement techniques
- Multiple statistical and analytical methods of predicting waterflood performance
- 3D Simulation and streamlines simulation “Waterflood Problem Case Study” methods of predicting waterflood performance
- Strengths and weaknesses of prediction methods
Session 8: Waterflood Analytical Forecasting and Surveillance
- A deep dive into a selection of the most popular analytical waterflood models
- Predicting waterflood performance using the Buckley-Leverett Method, Craig-Geffen-Morse Method, and the Stiles Method
- Waterflood surveillance: voidage replacement ratio
- Monitoring the performance of an injection well, a producing well, and a pattern
- Ways to measure the connectivity between injectors and producers
- 4D seismic, geochemistry analysis, and chemistry issues
Session 9: Producing vs. Injecting Wells and Water Sources
- Performance of injection wells using analytical and numerical methods
- Advantages of modelling producing wells together with injection wells
- Injection above and below the oil-water contact
- Comparing injection (above and below the bubble point), (through vertical and horizontal wells), and (through hydraulically fractured wells)
- Discussing the merits of partial perforation versus full perforation
- Exploring perforation strategy differences between injection and producing wells
- Methods of water shut-off in both injection and producing wells
- Artificial lift methods for producing high water-cut wells
- Advantages and disadvantages of matrix versus fracture injection
- Calculating the optimal ratio of producing to injecting wells for a waterflood
- Waterflood water sources: sources of water and main properties of the water source
- Impurities removal from injection water and materials added to injection water
Session 10: Waterflood Optimization and Planning
- Data requirements to plan a waterflood and common negative factors
- Waterflooding candidate selection and robust design choices
- FDP and waterflood design documentation over the life of the flood
- Waterflood pilots case studies
- Waterflood optimization: measuring deviations from expectations and water injectivity
- Revisiting design assumptions and deploying new technology intelligently
- Moving from secondary to tertiary recovery
- Waterflooding operation efficiency case studies
- LoSal and bright water fundamentals, mechanisms, coreflood experiments, and SWCTT
- Waterflooding petroleum economics